The eNotes Blog The Enchantress ofNumbers

The Enchantress ofNumbers The inquisitive story of the universes first software engineer. Today I stray a little from the normal artistic and instructive news refreshes, in the wake of going over a gesture to an outstanding lady I couldnt spend the day without recognizing, for her job in arithmetic, yet additionally for her job as a lady in science, a long ways relatively revolutionary. I trust that her story rouses ladies in technical studies, or for sure any individual who drives forward to think past the capacities of present day innovation. Unfortunately Im normally out of date on Googles masterful and particular delineations of exceptional days by means of their landing page. Be that as it may, today, gmail coincidentally crashed, sending me to the Google landing page where I saw the beneath picture: I was interested. Who was this lady in nineteenth century attire, writing numerical capacities with plume and ink? Thus, by method of innovative mistake, I learned of Ada Lovelace, the universes first software engineer. Ada Lovelace was conceived on December tenth, 1815, to the artist Lord Byron and his significant other Anna Isabella Byron. She had a hopeless adolescence, considered a mistake from birth for not having been brought into the world a kid. Ada was relinquished by her dad before she was a month old andâ resultantlyâ never knew him, as he kicked the bucket abroad when she was eight. Then her mom decided to keep little association with her, potentially in light of the fact that youthful Ada helped her to remember her insidious spouse, with whom the Baroness had a sharp separation. So Ada was raised by older family members and consigned to an existence of dubious perception through her moms companions, named the Furies. Luckily for us, however, she was likewise dependent upon an existence of educationintended to crush any deviation she may have acquired from her fatherand took a distinct fascination for science since early on. Around the age of seventeen, Adas unique capacities turned out to be obvious to her coaches, all popular in arithmetic in their own right. The prominent mathematician Augustus de Morgan even detailed of Ada to her mom that she appeared to be bound to turn into, a unique numerical agent, maybe of top notch prominence. In the mean time another of Adas teachers and companions, Mary Somerville, acquainted her with Charles Babbage, future innovator of the universes first PC. Ada was not yet eighteen at that point. Babbage and Ada along these lines started a companionship that delivered their scholarly coordinated effort on the formers Analytical Engine. In 1843, Ada deciphered Italian mathematician Luigi Meanabreas clarification of the machine, total with her own arrangement of notes and ends (which were in reality longer than Menabreas). In her delineation of the Analytical Engine, Ada envisioned its potential as being more noteworthy than basic calculating, something not even Babbage enjoyed. She composed: [The Analytical Engine] may follow up on different things other than number, were objects discovered whose shared central relations could be communicated by those of the theoretical study of activities, and which ought to be likewise powerless of adjustments to the activity of the working documentation and system of the motor Assuming, for example, that the central relations of contributed sounds the study of concordance and of melodic structure were powerless of such articulation and adjustments, the motor may create detailed and logical bits of music of any level of multifaceted nature or degree. Alongside these ground breaking notes, Ada composed a calculation of Bernoulli numbers for the Analytical Engine (beneath). It is this piece of her postulation, Note G, that is all around viewed as the universes first PC program, making Ada correspondingly its first developer. Picture by means of Wikimedia Commons So there you have it: the universes first geek was a respectable woman, The Right Honorable Countess of Lovelace. That implies that on this day, as you peruse the Internet looking for Google verse, GIFs, or the Ikea Monkey, you have Miss Ada Lovelace to thank for her place in envisioning the capacity of PCs to transform ourselves in the horde of ways they have today. Ada was such a fascinating lady, there is just such an extensive amount her life I could remember for this post. I energetically suggest her Wikipedia passage as a review of her astonishing accomplishments and to some degree shameful individual undertakings. In her simple thirty-six years, Ada gave us a lot to acknowledge and remains as a prime case of the job ladies have played in science and innovation, however they are frequently neglected. She genuinely satisfied Charles Babbages moniker for her, The Enchantress of Numbers: Disregard this world and every one of its difficulties and if potential its innumerable Charlatansâ †everything in short yet the Enchantress of Numbers. Related: Instructors, educate your understudies on the historical backdrop of The Enchantress of Numbers with report on Ada Lovelace, discovered here. It accompanies an action to assist understudies with composing their own special projects and is suggested for Grades 4-8.

Microbiology Coursework: Bacillus Cereus

Microbiology Coursework: Bacillus cereus After examination following on episode of food contamination at a pizza eatery, it was discovered that all endures had expended a part of side plate of mixed greens from oneself help serving of mixed greens bar close by their primary dish. Along these lines, this was additionally followed to a rice serving of mixed greens. Natural Health Officers examining this episode presumed it might have been brought about by Bacillus cereus (B. cereus). The nearness of enormous quantities of B. cereus in a food is demonstrative of dynamic development and multiplication of the life form and is predictable with a potential danger to wellbeing. The analysis of B. ereus can be affirmed by the confinement of in excess of 105 B. cereus living beings per gram from epidemiologically involved food, yet such testing is frequently not done in light of the fact that the ailment is generally innocuous and normally self-restricting 1. Structure a method(s) to list the: i)Total bacterial include ii)Bacillus cereus include In the rice saladThis episode of food contamination could be researched by playing out a specification (plate tally) of the all out feasible microscopic organisms in the rice serving of mixed greens on a general non-particular agar utilizing either the pour or the spread plate technique. To affirm that the flare-up had been brought about by any B. ereus present in the rice serving of mixed greens a specific media agar, for example, mannitol egg yolk polymixin agar (MEYP/MYP), ought to be utilized. When B. cereus has been affirmed a further count of the B. cereus ought to be performed on the MEYP/MYP agar specific media plate to show whether the measure of B. cereus present is inside the range known to cause food contamination 105â€107 cells g? 1 of nourishment for Diarrhoeal disorder, or 105â€108 cells g? 1 of nourishment for Emetic disorder. (Granum and Lund, 2006) To play out an absolute cell check and the affirmation of B. cereus by either the pour or spread plate technique the gear required is as follows:General non-particular agar Mannitol egg yolk polymixin agar (MEYP/MYP) Petri dishes Glass or dispensable â€Å"hockey stick† spreader Bunsen burner Test tubes Ringers arrangement Pastettes/Pippettes Food blender Before a phone tally can be played out a sequential weakening of a homogenate of the rice serving of mixed greens is required. For this one section rice serving of mixed greens is mixed to nine section ringers arrangement, from this underlying homogenate that the sequential weakening is made by taking 1ml of this unique and adding it to 9ml of ringers arrangement along these lines making a 1:10 weakening of the original.This step is rehashed a further multiple times, each time taking 1ml from the weakening made in the past cylinder and adding it to 9ml of ringers arrangement consequently with each progression the first example is weakened by a further factor of 10, (Figure 1). When the sequential weakening has been finished down to a weakening of 1:1,000,000 (10-6) either the pour or spread plate strategy for plating out of the examples can be performed Figure 1: Serial weakening When utilizing a general non-specific agar both the pour and spread plate strategies can be utilized for identification of the absolute microscopic organisms in the rice salad.With the two techniques all plates are acted in triplicate. Nearby the non-particular agar, an agar, for example, MEYP/MYP specific agar which is particular for B. cereus can be utilized to affirm that B. cereus is available in the first example. In the pour plate technique 1ml or 0. 1ml of every one of the weakenings arranged before inside the sequential weakening are added to individual petri dishes and a supplement agar which is held at around 50oC is poured over every one of these examples, the petri dishes are whirled causing delicate disturbance and blending the microscopic organisms in with the agar.Afte r the agar has hardened the plates are hatched, after this brooding the pour plates show bacterial development both on and inside the agar because of high-impact and anaerobic microorganisms. In the spread plate technique 0. 1ml of every one of the sequential weakening arrangements is pipetted onto the outside of a pre-poured agar plate and spread utilizing a â€Å"hockey stick† spreader, the agar plates are then brooded. Bacterial states just develop on the outside of the spread plate, (Figure 2) Figure 2: Method of Pour and spread plate procedure. Microbial Growth, 2011) Once the plates have been hatched they are inspected and the quantity of states tallied, just plates that appear between 30-300 provinces are checked, on the off chance that the quantity of settlements is over 300, at that point the plate is disposed of as too various to even consider counting, if underneath 30 it is disposed of as too not many to even think about counting. After the plates appearing betwee n 30-300 settlements have been included the quantity of microscopic organisms in the first example can be worked out utilizing the computation Number of provinces on plate x weakening of test = number of microbes/mlIf development has happened on the MEYP/MYP plates, a Gram stain can be performed on an example from one of the states, when the gram stain is inspected under oil inundation B. cereus ought to show up as huge Gram-positive bacilli in short-to-long chains; with spores that are ellipsoidal, key to subterminal, and that don't grow the sporangium. (Tallent, Rhodehamel , Harmon, and Bennett, 2012) (Figure 3) Figure 3: stream chart indicating request of occasions prompting the identification of all out microbes and Bacillus cereus in an example of food. 2.Explain why MEYP/MYP agar is specific for Bacillus cereus B. cereus is mannitol-negative. The mannitol substance of the medium in this way permits separation of the accompanyingmannitol-positive microbial greenery which are re cognized by an adjustment in shade of the pointer phenol red to yellow. B. cereus isn't influenced by groupings of polymyxin which hinder the normal going with microbial vegetation (Donovan, 1958). Expansion of polymyxin is important, be that as it may, if the example material is associated to contain high-numbers with going with microorganisms B. cereus produces lecithinase.The insoluble debasement results of egg-yolk lecithin collect around the Cereus settlements to shape a white encourage. A lecithinase response happens from the get-go in numerous strains, Cereus settlements can, in this manner, frequently be quickly recognized before going with polymyxin-safe microorganisms have gotten an opportunity to completely create. Brooding: 18-40 hours at 32  °C. B. cereus shows up as unpleasant, dry provinces with a pink to purple base which are encircled by a ring of thick accelerate. Provinces encompassed by a yellow or a reasonable zone are not Bacillus cereus.Further tests ought t o be performed to affirm the character of Bacillus cereus (anaerobic corruption of D(+)glucose, debasement of gelatin, positive nitrate decrease). (Merck, 2012) 3. Recommend how wellbeing officials may have arrived at the conditional finish of B. cereus harming. Wellbeing officials may have arrived at this resolution dependent on the short hatching time to the abrupt beginning of sickness, and because of rice previously being involved as the wellspring of this kind of food contamination in different cases. 4. Recommend manners by which: I. The rice plate of mixed greens may have been contaminated by the Bacillus cereus; ii.The Bacillus cereus could have endure the ordinary cooking procedure of the rice; iii. Bacillus cereus causes food contamination. B. cereus is available in the external packaging of rice and, in light of the fact that it can shape spores that are extremely impervious to low or high temperatures, it can in this way effectively endure cooking and not exactly impecca ble refrigeration. Inappropriate capacity of food stuffs is the issue. Bacillus cereus spores can endure bubbling and if the food, for this situation rice is put away at encompassing temperature, the spores can develop into poison delivering microscopic organisms. Herriman, 2009) Bacillus cereus has been accounted for to be available in stools of sound people at different levels (Johnson, 1984) in this way if an individual had not washed their hands in the wake of heading off to the latrine at that point dealt with the serving spoon any B. cereus from the hands could be moved to the serving spoon which thus could either taint the rice plate of mixed greens or the hand of the individual next utilizing the spoon. At the point when rice is bubbled and afterward put away in the ice chest without being cooled first, these spores can develop on the cooked rice and develop well at 4oC.If the rice is then utilized in a pan fried food or comparative dish, where the cooking time is moderately short, or the rice is held at an inadequate temperature enough of the microbes make due to be ingested. Bacillus cereus causes food contamination of two distinct sorts, emetic and diarrhoeal. (Table 1) Table 1. Attributes of the two kinds of sickness brought about by Bacillus cereus Diarrhoeal syndromeEmetic disorder Infective dose105â€107 (total)105â€108 (cells g? 1) Toxin producedIn the small digestive tract of the hostPreformed in nourishments Type of toxinProteinCyclic peptide Incubation period8â€16 h (every so often >24 h)0. â€5 h Duration of illness12â€24 h (infrequently a few days)6â€24 h SymptomsAbdominal torment, watery looseness of the bowels and at times nauseaNausea, spewing and discomfort (at times followed by the runs, because of extra enterotoxin creation? ) Foods most as often as possible implicatedMeat items, soups, vegetables, puddings/sauces and milk/milk productsStarch-rich nourishments; Fried and cooked rice, pasta, baked good and noodl es The structure that produces loose bowels is joined by indications that are for all intents and purposes indistinct from those brought about by the Clostridium perfingens bacteria.The influenced individual encounters stomach cramps and serious watery the runs inside around 15 hours of eating the tainted rice. Heaving once in a while happens yet the runs carries on somewhere in the range of 1 and 2 days. The diarrhetic disorder saw in patients are thought to originate from the three poisons Hemolysin BL Hbl, Nonhemolytic Enterotoxin Nhe and Cytotoxin K CytK. These enterotoxins are totally delivered in the small digestive tract of the host, in this way frustrating the issue of processing by have endogenous proteins. A few strains of the microscopic organisms have an additional plasmid that conveys a quality for a poison that causes serious vomiting.These strains cause the emetic type of Bacillus cereus and produce indications fundamentally the same as food contamination by

How to Build and Improve Your Self-Confidence

How to Build and Improve Your Self-Confidence Confidence is a key determinant for success in just about anything, in business, in love, in politics… Confidence is a commonly used word, and as thus, I am certain you have an idea what confidence is, but in this article you will get to learn about self-confidence, which is perhaps the most important aspect of confidence.Why is self-confidence important? Where does it come from? Is it natural or is it acquired over time? How can one build and improve their self-confidence? To answer these questions you must first understand what self-confidence is.Self-confidence can simply be defined as faith in your own abilities. It is a positive attitude towards yourself and a deep conviction about your ability to accomplish your goals. We can also define self-confidence as the absence of self-doubt giving way to a positive outlook on oneself.When you are self-confident you are generally a happier person and better positioned to achieve success because you don’t spend your time paralyzed by fear or self-doubt. Rather you are deeply convinced that you are capable of achieving your goals and this pushes you to work harder towards those goals.Self-confidence enables you to power through even the most difficult situations and face challenges head-on. As a self-confident person you will be in a position to push through even situation in which you have neither external support nor material possessions and still retain the belief that you will come out victorious. Self-confidence is truly powerful because it is not based on external factors or other people’s perception of you. It cannot therefore ever be taken away from you. Have you ever heard the phrase, “If they put you on a pedestal they can take you off it?”  The same logic applies. But if your confidence comes from within, if it is independent of external factors, you become both happier and stronger.The ability to maintain a positive view of yourself and your abilities in any situation and under any circumstances is a value we should all strive to cultivate. Adopt a way of thinking that constantly reminding yourself that you are a person of value and ability and; happiness, success, as well as general improvement in your life’s quality will quickly follow.This is the purpose of this article. By the end of it you will have learnt the value of self-confidence and measures you can take to cultivate and improve confidence in yourself.IMPORTANCE OF SELF-CONFIDENCEAbove all else, prot ect the belief in yourself. Self-confidence is the basis of all success and with it you can propel yourself to whatever heights you can dream of. Self-confidence guarantees that you are geared towards the success of a certain thing and that no fear or self-doubt holds back your progress. Self-confidence attracts whatever it is you desire to achieve towards you.Failing to understand the importance of self-confidence is a big reason why some people lead unhappy lives or lead their lives as failures. These people don’t take the time to strengthen and reinforce their minds. Therefore, keep a close watch of your internal self. It determines much more in terms of the quality of your life. When you build on your self-confidence you attract success and this success further boosts your self-confidence!In 1964, at the height of his career, world heavy weight boxing champion Sonny Liston was defeated by the less experienced and weaker but faster Muhammad Ali. Sonny Liston was considered the greatest and most intimidating boxer of his time and other boxers such as Henry Cooper even openly stated that they preferred to wait for someone else to take the championship from Liston before they themselves made an attempt at it. Muhammad Ali was however not intimidated by Liston’s reputation; he maintained a strong faith in his own abilities, even taunting the champion days before the fight. Muhammad Ali won the match and became champion when Liston conceded in the sixth round.Unlike Henry Cooper, Ali had a strong conviction in his abilities and the possibility of victory even against a more experienced fighter who was at the time the world heavy weight boxer. This is just one example, of the power of self-confidence. With self-confidence you can achieve anything and without it even the simplest of goals can seem impossible to achieve. What are some of the other reasons why self-confidence is so important? Self-Confidence is the ‘Chemical X’ of SuccessIt is highly unlikel y that you will achieve any success if you are not confident. All the skill, talent, and potential in the world means little if you are filled with doubt; poor confidence in yourself casts you with fear and doubt. Fear immobilizes you and you are unable to enter action with boldness.This may be something as simple as making a decision to start a business at an opportune time or a decision to leave an unhealthy relationship. When you lack self-confidence you become indecisive because you don’t believe in yourself nor your judgment and success cannot be born out of indecision.Just like self-confidence breeds success and happiness, lack of confidence breeds failure, which then brings unhappiness. It is natural for human beings to crave success, happiness, and fulfillment and if you want the same your level of self-confidence is what will be your savior or your downfall.Self-Confidence makes you StrongerNo pain no gain. We all know this, but it doesn’t make pain any more pleasant do es it?   What then makes some people more willing to subject themselves to pain in order to achieve certain things where other people won’t?You guessed it, self-confidence is the difference. Self-confidence is the reason why you will put yourself out there and take all the risk without fear of failure. This is the quality that enables you to this belief in oneself that differentiates achievement from failure.Think about anyone you know who quit a well-paying and comfortable job to start their own business at the risk of failure. It was self-confidence that drove them to it and because of that they are self-employed and possibly living their dreams in a much better position than they were at that well-paying job. Self-confidence gives you the strength to go for what you want and keeps you focused even when times get tough. It brings out the champion in you.You Stand OutSelf-confidence is attractive and ‘can be felt across the room. You can tell that a person is self-confident by how they talk, walk, work, and socialize, just to name but a few.As a self-confident person you will stand out and your mere presence will seem to energize the environment around you. Self-confidence commands respect and everything will instantly start falling into place around you because the world steps aside for you when you make those sure and confident strides.You Grow Faster ProfessionallySelf-confidence is also a catalyst for professional growth because it boosts your drive and determination. When you are self-confident you are able to set and achieve more ambitious goals and you are generally not afraid of taking on challenges. Many people let self-doubt get in their way and are ultimately unable to reach the heights of their potential in their professional careers.When you master self-confidence you acknowledge the challenge ahead rather than get scared. You are driven to face the challenge head on. Self-confidence drives you to push against your boundaries and prove to you rself that you can achieve anything. Since the beginning of time human beings have consistently progressed because they dare to push the boundaries and had we been filled with self-doubt it is likely that we would be stuck in the Stone Age today.Failures Become a Learning OpportunityWe all face failures at one point or another. This is an inevitable fact of life. Even, Steve Jobs, one of the most accomplished people of the past century, stated that,“Failure is Inevitable; big business is often built on big failure.”After being voted out of the company he founded, rather than despair and give up, Jobs returned to transform Apple into the 9th biggest company in the world. Steve Jobs understood that things don’t always work out how we want them to but that does not mean that it’s the end and it does not take away from your worth and abilities. His faith in his abilities motivated him to try again even after hitting such a heavy obstacle.Just like Jobs, master self-confidence an d every time you are faced by failure you will be able to objectively identify where you went wrong and readjust to be able to handle the situation better the second time. It was Thomas Edison who said, “I have not failed, I have just found a thousand ways that do not work.”   This is the mentality that self-confidence brings out in you.Promoting Independence and Self-RelianceDon’t get me wrong, self-confidence does not make you a snob but it does eliminate the need for acceptance and approval of others, which may in most cases derail you from your own goals.When you are self-confident you believe in your dreams and visions and you do not necessarily need validation from others. When you are self-confident you believe you are on the right path and this gives you motivation to pursue your goals even when your peers do not believe in you.“Reinvent yourself and become something no one ever thought you could become.” UnknownIt is okay to listen to other people’s opinions, i n fact, in some cases you may stumble upon some real value on those opinions but when you are self-confident you will not find those opinions dictating your decisions or actions. Like a wise man once told me, ‘Consider other people’s opinions, but make the decisions yourself.’Self-confidence enables you to overcome obstacles and achieve success by maintaining your faith in your own abilities. It therefore keeps you driven even in the face of failure and rejection, pushing you further towards your goals when a less confident person would have thrown in the towel. Self-confidence is power that no one can take from you because it comes from within and mastering it makes you an unstoppable force of nature.AMAZING STRATEGIES TO BOOST AND IMPROVE YOUR SELF-CONFIDENCESelf-confidence is essential for the success of just about anything you decide to pursue in life. Unfortunately, self-confidence is not in-born, it is not hereditary, and it is something we acquire, learn, cultivate, and constantly improve on.So how can you build and improve your self-confidence?The good news is that your level of confidence is in your hands. Once you have realized the importance of self-confidence, you must then take measures to better your own confidence in yourself. Self-confidence is like a muscle and the more you train the stronger you get.What sort of training do you need for your confidence muscle? What practices can you adopt to boost your self-confidence?Recognize your Personal Strengths and Change Negative Self-PerceptionsThis does not mean that you ignore your imperfections. As am sure you can agree, we all have weaknesses, no one is perfect and there’s absolutely nothing wrong with that. But we also have strengths and probably a lot more strengths than weaknesses but somehow we place so much focus on our weaknesses. We even forget that we have positive attributes at all.Constantly reminding yourself everyday what your strengths are, what sets you apart and makes you u nique will grow a positive attitude within you and give you the drive to give your goals the best shot. The easiest way to do this is to write down all your positive attributes and strengths on a sticky note and place it on your refrigerator door or on your mirror where you can see them every morning.Answer questions like: What can I do better than anyone? What do I like about myself? What do others like about me? When am I at my best? How can I better myself even more?Include affirmations such as, ‘I love myself’, ‘I am good in at my job’, ‘I am a success’, ‘I am deserving of my dreams’…Once you stop focusing on your weaknesses and start paying attention to your strengths you gain your own approval and that is the beginning of true self-confidence. Remind yourself of all your strengths and continue to cultivate those strengths and attributes and you will find yourself acting more positively and getting more comfortable and confident in your own skin with each pass ing day, giving you the strength to go relentlessly for your goals.Channel Another Person’s ConfidenceIt is said that we are the average of the five people we interact with the most. This might be true in the sense that human beings are creatures of observation and imitation; it is more than likely that 90 percent of who we are is just attributes that we have gradually picked as we’ve continued to grow. We learn a lot of what we do from modeling other people, whether in the negative or positive.Therefore, one effective way to build and improve your self-confidence is to model an individual you know to be truly self-confident. It could be a friend, a colleague, a grandparent, a historical figure or even a religious figure. Identify an individual or individuals you know to be self-confident and try to keenly observe how they walk, talk and or interact. Emulate them.There is a lot you can learn and borrow from self-confident individuals, even if you have to borrow their character a t first, which might involve a little acting on your part. You will eventually find your own balance and your own confidence will come out naturally.Smile More/Make Eye ContactHave you ever heard that when you smile you automatically feel better even if you were not particularly happy before? It’s true. When you smile more at other people you exude a certain happiness about you that makes them comfortable and even happier interacting with you, which makes communication much easier.The same applies for eye contact. When you look people in the eye you give people an impression of being confident and genuine. This helps you to easily create a rapport with others, which leaves you feeling happier and more confident.Learn to make eye contact and smile more when you talk to others and your interactions will naturally improve and along with them, your self-confidence.AchievementAnother way to build your self-confidence is to continuously set small, achievable, and realistic goals that wi ll boost your confidence over and over again. As mentioned above, self-confidence is heavily rooted in the faith that you have in your own abilities and this faith needs to be regularly fed.People who believe they can accomplish a certain task are more likely to do so because they approach the task with enthusiasm and determination rather that uncertainty and doubt.Prove to yourself on a regular basis that you are capable of success by setting small goals and ensure that you reach them, make the goals just a little more challenging each time and watch your self-confidence gradually increase. As you continue to accomplish your goals you begin to trust yourself a little bit more each time.Create a Sacred Living EnvironmentThe place where you live should be a place of peace, a place of comfort that recharges your batteries and clears your mind of all worries. Even though the place you are currently living in is not your dream house, that’s no problem, no one starts out in their dream house. Find a way to keep it neat, clean, and free of clutter. You might not have noticed, but your environment affects the way you feel inside a lot and that is especially true about the place you call home.Subconsciously, you might be uncomfortable with how untidy you have let your home get and this will affect the impression of yourself when you walk out that door.Therefore, make your working environment as comfortable, attractive, and inspiring as you possibly can. I know there are people out there that might feel that they are more comfortable in a slightly chaotic environment and that is okay too just find what works for you and tailor your home to fit that.The Chinese philosophy of Feng Shui teaches us the importance of having a harmonious ambiance around you, so whatever your definition of harmony is, make sure you incorporate it in your home.Look for the Positive in OthersThis sounds like a strange way to build on your self-confidence, right?However, when you learn to reco gnize and appreciate positive attributes in other people, it shows that you are confident enough in your own skin to take the time to appreciate the beauty in others. This is not to say that you impose false flattery, but rather that you learn to recognize genuine positive traits in other people.It may not come so easily at first but when you have mastered this you will begin to recognize beauty not just in other people but in all aspects of life including yourself. As you gradually grow this positive outlook on life and on yourself, confidence in yourself continues to grow and shine outwards onto the world.Learn to be Optimistic“Learn to be Optimistic, It feels Better.” Dalai Lama XIVAre you an optimistic or pessimistic person? When things don’t go your way do you give up or do you get up and dust yourself off? Do you have absolute faith in the possibility of your dreams?As mentioned earlier, failure is inevitable, everyone fails sometimes and it’s nothing to be worried ab out. There will be times when you will encounter unforeseen obstacles and your ability to still look to the future with hope in times of failure or uncertainty is crucial for staying confident, adaptive, positive, and resilient.There are those who will argue that pessimism protects us from disappointment but the truth is optimism is the only thing that will keep you focused and confident in your abilities and the possibility of your dreams. Knowing that you are capable, courageous, and deserving despite any current obstacle is the backbone of self-confidence.Maintain Company that Empowers YouAvoid people who constantly criticize you or make sarcastic and demeaning remarks about you. Such constant negative feedback, especially from anyone you consider a friend will hinder you from seeing the good in yourself, therefore negatively affecting your self-confidence.Therefore, carefully look into your circle of friends and be extremely selective in who you choose to keep close. Spend time with people who believe in you and your visions, people who inspire and motivate you, and people who make you feel valued.You will especially need positive people around you on days when you are feeling low on energy. Note, however, this is not to say that any criticism is bad, learn to distinguish between healthy and malicious criticism and accept constructive criticism from people who want the best for you and who intend for you to better yourself and you will gradually grow in confidence.Always Be PreparedNo matter what you are undertaking, make sure you are prepared. Preparedness sufficiently familiarizes you with the subject matter of the task at hand, for example, a presentation or a speech, and this leaves you feeling confident enough to handle it. Preparedness reduces fear and self-doubt that may creep in when your mind knows that it is not ready to handle the task in front of you. This allows you to reduce the fear associated with stepping into the unknown.The more tasks yo u handle in a well prepared mindset, the more you realize your own capacity to succeed and the more your confidence in your abilities grows. You realize that you are capable of handling challenges, and your confidence in yourself grows.For example, if your fear is public speaking, identify why this gives you the jitters. If, for example, it is because you fear forgetting your points, create notes to jog your memory and practice your speech.Whenever you forget refer to your notes just like you would in the actual speech. This will give you confidence in the fact that even in your worst case scenario you will be able to regain your balance, and this preparedness hence boosts your self-confidence during the actual speech.CONCLUSIONIn today’s highly demanding and competitive world, self-confidence is an asset that guarantees you success in just about anything you choose to do.For example, even in a job interview you will have to exhibit confidence in yourself and your capabilities in order to land a job. Self-confidence attracts attention and attention attracts opportunity, opportunity that puts you in a position of success. Constant success in turn breeds happiness, energy, and efficiency, which then builds on your self-confidence and the cycle continues.Ensure that you are always in this beautiful loop by building on your self-confidence. It does not take much and it isn’t magical. Confidence takes practice just like your body needs exercise to stay healthy and strong. Believe in yourself, believe that you deserve the success you are looking for, trust that you are capable because when it comes down to it,“The ones who change the world are the ones crazy enough to think that they can.”Building your self-confidence does not just happen with the snap of a finger, it takes patience, it takes time, and above all else… consistency. Self-confidence is not in-born or reserved only for a few privileged; it’s cultivated and grown over time by constantly pract icing a few learned behaviors. You too can adopt these behaviors and you can start by practicing the above discussed measures on a daily basis until it is second nature and your self-confidence is at a constant high.Once you have cultivated self-confidence you will be happier and more motivated to handle any challenges that come your way and as a result you will be more geared for success.By even considering the above strategies you have also showed great potential for high-level self-confidence because truly confident people take charge of their lives. Now try implementing these strategies and notice your self-confidence begin and with it the general quality of your life.Your wings work, get to flying, take that leap!!Have you ever heard that when you smile you automatically feel better even if you were not particularly happy before? It’s true. When you smile more at other people you exude a certain happiness about you that makes them comfortable and even happier interacting with you, which makes communication much easier. The same applies for eye contact; when you look people in the eye you give people an impression of being confident and genuine. This helps you an easy rapport with others, which leaves you feeling happier and more confident.Learn to make eye contact and smile more when you talk to others and your interactions will naturally improve and along with them, your self-confidence.

Responsibilities Of A Project Manager - 1728 Words

Assessment Item- 2 Assignment -1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES Name: Naveen Kumar Gadde Professor: Ravish Goyal CSU ID:†¦show more content†¦Everything Teams need a LEADER, our perspective is that this is THE chief part of the one ordinarily alluded to as the Venture Manager . We should on the other hand, keep on alluding to the primary task administration part as the Project Manager. Many organizations and sponsors set their activities up to fizzle on the grounds that they don t completely perceive how imperative the task administration part is, to effectively deal with an undertaking through its life cycle. It is still basic that venture directors are delegated on low maintenance premise, the suspicion being they can deal with the undertaking on low maintenance premise as a stretch to their other regular obligations and obligations. Differences between both views Firstly, there is no difference between both the views, the project manager have to eliminate the conflicts between the members of the team and he has to take the feedback from the customers to get the better results in the coming years and for the current year also. If the leader is the active person then the team members will also become active. He has to communicate all the members of the project involving directly and indirectly. ##What day to day tasks does an IT project manager carry out? Opinion of the project manager Maintain a log history between the customers and the team members and also to communicate about the status of the

Sexism in the Workplace Essay - 505 Words

Sexism in the Workplace The workplace is the area in which sexism is most commonly found. Sexism is in evidence in unfair recruitment practices, unequal pay, and intimidating behavior towards colleagues. Legislation is now in place in many countries that prohibits unfair treatment of staff on the grounds of their sex. The problem with this legislation is that they are often difficult to apply. In 1970, the Equal Pay Act was introduced. It requires employers to provide equal pay for equal work. The Sex Discrimination Act enforces fair recruitment policies. The European Equal Pay Directive and the Equal Treatment Directive are also in force. If individuals feel†¦show more content†¦This reflects the undervaluation of womens work and skills, even in todays cosmopolitan workplaces. Also, in developing countries women are paid only 60 - 70% of mens earnings, and there are more women in seasonal jobs. It has also been argued that sexism prevails in domestic work as most housework worldwide is still undertaken by women. Sexism is not only indicated in the pay gap. Suggestive behaviour made towards colleagues which has a sexual motive, or unwelcome sexual advances are forms of sexual harassment. Both men and women may be victims of this. Sexual harassment is not mentioned in sex discrimination legislation, although such legislation has been used in a considerable number of harassment cases. There is a European Code of Practice that advises employers on how best to prevent sexual harassment. However, employers are not legally bound to it. It is possible for employers to comply with existing legislation, but to continue to make sexist assumptions when appointing or promoting staff. In conclusion, women are being devalued in the workplace. Even if they hold a job that requires equal education and skills, they are being paid less than men. 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The glass ceiling is (Bell, Mclaughlin, Sequeira, 2002) as â€Å"the invisible or artificial barriers that prevent women (and people of colour) from advancing past a certain level† (Federal Glass CeilingRead MoreSexism And Discrimination Among Men And Fellow Women1278 Words   |  6 Pagesage and all backgrounds. Sexism and discrimination among coworkers is not an everyday occurrence but there is a greater chance among a larger store. Women have fought for their right to vote, have a voice, and have equal rights as men. While the fight for equality in the workplace has come a long way, it is still lacking. Women are constantly facing sexism in the workplace from men and fellow women. The challenges faced commonly in t he workplace are stereotypes, sexism, and challenging gender scriptsRead MoreThe Compassionate Sexist, By Ivona Hideg And D. Lance Ferris Examined Benevolent Sexism Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesreviewed from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology titled The Compassionate Sexist? How Benevolent Sexism Promotes and Undermines Gender Equality in the Workplace by Ivona Hideg and D. Lance Ferris examined benevolent sexism in the workplace. Benevolent sexism appears to promote gender equality, but it actually undermines it by contributing to gender segregation in the workplace. It contributes to keeping women in positions in which they are underrepresented, and keeps them from movingRead MoreSexism Is The True Hindrance For Female Careers1407 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated area is whether or not sexism exists in the workplace. Some argue that sexism is a major deterrent in the careers of women, and is the main reason women are not as prominent in positions of power and thus in our society. Others believe that women choose not to pursue such positions, because of their roles as mothers. However, it is views like this that prevent women from being taken seriously as workers. Upon closer insight into our society, it is evident that sexism is the true hindrance in femaleRead MoreSexism in The Work Place Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Sexism is the ideology that maintains that one sex is inherently inferior to the other. Sexism or discrimination based on gender has been a social issue for many years; it is the ideology that one sex is superior or inferior to the other. Sexism does not only affect females, but also males. Men are very often victimized by social stereotypes and norms based on gender expectations. Sexism has appears in almost all social institutions including family, the media, religion, sports, theRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities between sexism and racism. Sexism occurs when a person’s gender or sex is used as the basis for discriminating. Females are more susceptible to sexism although males are also susceptible. Sexual harassment and rape are examples of extreme cases of sexism. Racism occurs when people of a particular race or ethnicity are discriminated against or made to feel inferior. The primary outcome of the paper after comparison is to determin e most dehumanizing act between racism and sexism. The first similarityRead MoreSexism And Objectification Of Women1556 Words   |  7 Pagesone that continues to boggle my mind is that misogyny and the objectification of women is somehow still present. Barely 60 years ago (yes, your own grandmother probably was a victim of this overt sexism), gender bias was a completely acceptable, and often encouraged office practice. While this sort of sexism is not as prevalent in today’s work environment, it is important to remember that young men at work in the 1960’s who experienced and practiced this overt gender bias are the men who grew up toRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women1315 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity System Mrs. Decter Table of Contents Introduction 3 Defining â€Å"Social Problem† 3 Explaining Sociological Viewpoint 3 Chosen Social Problem Introduction 3 Thesis 3 Defining Sexism 3 Why is it a social problem? 3-4 Statistics 4 Identifying and Defining Four Concepts Related to Sexism 4-5 How is this problem being addressed? 5 Conclusion 6 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Social problems have always been a part of society. Although

Primary Education In Malaysia Education Essay Free Essays

Primary instruction in Malaysia is under the legal power of the Ministry of Education. It is the goverment duty to give a formal instruction towards kids. Usualy, in Malaysia the mandatory instruction Begin at the age of seven. We will write a custom essay sample on Primary Education In Malaysia Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now To do certain that the pupil has improve on their instruction, it is been set that pupil have to sit for public scrutiny at the terminal of primary instruction to continue to the higher degree of instruction. In Malaysia, there are alterations in course of study of instruction. It starts with the Old Primary School Curriculum before 1982 so it alter into New Primary School Curriculum and now instruction in Malaysia is utilizing Standard Primary School Curriculum. Old Primary School Curriculum ( KLSR ) start since Malaya gained independency. Rahman Talib Report the capable reappraisal commission has been established to reexamine the national instruction policy as proposed in the Razak Report that has been established to reexamine the national instruction policy as proposed in the Razak Report that has been made on 1956 and early instruction policy before the 1957 Education Ordinance. There are three phases of instruction system on this course of study. In this course of study, the purpose is to learn all the pupils on how to read and compose. Students had been examined to cognize their ability. Based on Rahman Talib Report, all pupils must go through in Bahasa Melayu paper. On 1979, Old Primary School Curriculum ( KLSR ) has been change into New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) . This is because the cabinet commission has found that Old Primary School Curriculum ( KLSR ) have it failing in many ways. Such as, the course of study has been rep eated and does non hold connexion towards each other. In footings of course of study it is rather a batch and it make the pupils felt bored. Besides, the course of study activities that have been done had been teach individually from the course of study and does non hold any connexion with the formal instruction. New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) has been made due to the alterations that had been made by the study of the cabinet commission in execution of Education Policy issued in 1979. New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) has been launched to the full in 1983. The of import aim of New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) is to do certain that the pupils appreciate and master the Malay linguistic communication as the national linguistic communication and as a tool for solidarity with satisfaction. It besides focused on emphasizes command of basic accomplishments of reading, composing and arithmetic ( 3M ) . New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) besides focused on the pupils holistic in footings of physical, emotion, religious, rational and societal. New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) had been divided into three basic field ; communicating, humanity with the environment and field of self-development. Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) were produce to reorganise and better the bing course of study to guarantee that pupils are provided with the cognition, accomplishments and relevant values to the current demands and challenges of the twenty-first century. The purpose of execution Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) replacing the New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) is to increase pupil involvement in the English topic. In Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) , there are six spikes of course of study that has been design, that is communicating, religious, attitude and value, humanistic disciplines, physical and aesthetic development of scientific discipline and engineering proficiency ego. This course of study are utilizing course of study criterions papers and the design of the course of study is modular. There are two phase in the course of study administration and Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) besides concentrating on get the hanging readi ng, composing, mathematics and concluding ( 4M ) every bit good as basic accomplishments and information engineering ( ICT ) . In decision, the Ministry of Education ever tried the best to better the instruction systems in Malaysia particularly from the first phase, which is in primary school. Teachers and pupils have to understand and seeking their best to give the cooperation with the construction course of study that has been made by the ministry of instruction. Primary instruction is a really good starting motor to develop the kids to be the best among the best by utilizing the course of study of instruction in Malaysia. How to cite Primary Education In Malaysia Education Essay, Essay examples

Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing Through Campaigns free essay sample

The controversy, however, has given a sparse attention to what it would mean to society and to groups/ unions/ associations and the like to establish such an anti-hazing campaign. This paper is an Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing through Campaigns. Each association has a contract with the administration that bounds their activities. An interview was the main research instrument used in this study. Interview with the president of the student council is conducted to consider their views regarding this study. Journal entries were also used as a basis and sources of data for this study. This campaign does not contradict the Article III, Section 8 of the 1987 constitution of the Philippines; rather it connotes the right to life of a person without abolishing its main essence. This article addresses these issues by exploring the external and internal incentives suggesting that this thesis could prevent hazing in colleges/schools. Finally, this research paper would prevent students to experience threats, intimidation, and unlawful acts which violate the right to life of an individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing Through Campaigns or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing through Campaigns This is a generation wherein teenagers are afraid of being unaccompanied and unaided. Their desire to be accepted in the society pushes them to look for acceptance in some groups despite of its consequences. These past few months, there have been incidents of death due to merciless initiations out of schools and universities. Recently, there have been two law students who lost their lives because of this inhumane and cruel act of initiations that certain fraternities implement. This alarming news has pushed the schools to their own movement in precluding physical and psychological abuse to enter organizations. Fraternity is a group of people associated or formally organized for a common purpose, interest, or pleasure: as a fraternal order, guild, or a men’s student organization formed chiefly for social purposes having secret rites and a name in Greek letters. Also, it is the quality or state of being brothers. According to Bridget Wright, many young people attending college gain experiences and enjoy the benefits of joining a sorority or fraternity. They learn very early in their adult lives that there are many advantages to being a part of a tightly-knit social circle. Being a part of a fraternity can be very rewarding and beneficial to careers and professional lives. Fraternity membership often also means lifelong social connections. While being a member of a fraternity during college is fun, the  benefit of joining a sorority or fraternity  increases significantly beyond the college days. Some of the major benefits of joining a sorority or fraternity include: Social for a social network is a large Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing through Campaigns part of the college scene. Social activities play an important role in sorority and fraternity life. Sororities and fraternities often sponsor  mixers, formal dances, receptions and luncheons giving honor or recognizing some facet of the organization. Teamwork because working together as a team is a large part of the college social structure. The cohesiveness of pledging units provide just that foundation. Learning to work together as a team is vital to success in college and in business. Career is another benefit of having a fraternity because being a part of a fraternity  is an impressive notation on any resume. Positivity, because being a member of a pledge group instils a sense of self-confidence and self-esteem. The individual feels that they belong and that they have a place. They take their place in the organization very seriously, but still know how to enjoy themselves. This bonding creates an ever-lasting effect for each individual. Responsibility and leadership are also large benefits of pledging. College students in sororities and fraternities are given many opportunities to exercise their leadership skills. They can learn the importance of responsibility in various situations. They have the protection and mentoring of the senior members of their house, as well as their peer group, to nurture them. Even though fraternities have its advantages, there are some disadvantages that students ought to consider realistically. Some of these are time commitment because  rushing and pledging are time consuming. Once you’re a member, you’ll be expected to participate in social events, philanthropic activities, meetings, and other time consuming commitments. Another is that joining fraternities has initiation fees, dues, and the like because there can be an awful lot of incidental expenses for things like social events, formal attire and the like. Expenses do vary quite a bit at different schools and in different chapters. Unfortunately, negative stereotypes about Greek life are abundant, and you’re likely to come across fellow students who judge you harshly because of your Greek affiliation. Greek organizations are a great place to make friends, but sometimes these friendship groups become isolated from the rest of campus life and also fraternities has bed effects regarding academic concerns. Hazing is any action or situation, with or without the consent of the participants, which recklessly, intentionally, or unintentionally endangers the mental, physical, or academic health or safety of a student. It includes physical injury, assault or battery, kidnapping or imprisonment, intentionally placing at risk of mental or emotional harm (putting â€Å"over the edge†), degradation, humiliation, the compromising of moral or religious values, forced consumption of any liquid or solid, placing an individual in physical danger (at risk) which includes abandonment, and impairment of physical liberties which include curfews or other interference with academic endeavours. Despite of the heartless or tough initiations to enter fraternities or sororities, we cannot fully abolish these groups because it would be against the Bill of Rights. These organizations are protected by the Philippine Constitution Article III, Section 8 which states that the right of the people, including those employed in the public and privates sectors, to form unions, association, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. Because of this right, these groups are able to perform any activities that would endanger a persons right to life. It is a universal and inherent law that a person must ensure its safety. Under RA 8049, in order for hazing to be valid, the following conditions must be complied with: 1. Prior written notice to the school authorities or head of organization seven (7) days before the conduct of such initiation 2. The written notice shall indicate the period of the initiation activities which shall not exceed three (3) days, shall include the names of those to be subjected to such activities. 3. The written notice shall contain an undertaking that no physical violence be employed by anybody during such initiation rites. . At least two (2) representatives of the school or organization should be present during the initiation. It is the duty of such representative to see to it that no physical harm of any kind shall be inflicted upon a recruit, neophyte or applicant. Before the enactment of RA 8049, there was no law punishing the act of hazing. Hence, the courts had to look at the Revised Penal Code for the criminal liability of the accused. As such, in the Lenny Villa Case, the accused were held liable for reckless imprudence resulting into homicide. We have conducted an interview with the Mapua Institute of Technology student council president of 2012-2013. The questions asked were: Has there been any instance of fraternities in Mapua? Why do you think students join fraternities? What is your opinion about fraternities? What are the things that the student council organization did to apprehend the groups? What is the school doing to avoid hazing on fraternities? Any organization is legal or credited by the schools except for those who practice physical abuse. A certain group or association could be recognized if it has a minimum of 30 members and if it qualifies the requirements of the administration of the school. Most of the schools are against hazing but hazing is legal if and only if it has complied under the Republic Act No. 8049. As a result, schools promote campaigns which are anti-hazing. According to the Official Student Publication of Mapua Institute of Technology which is the New Builder Vol. XLVI No. 3 published on September 2012, â€Å"Fortunately, there’s a specific part of RA. 8049 that deals with this situation. Anti- hazing law provides protection and authorizes the concern to administer the proper penalties when a subject under hazing is† prevented from reporting the unlawful act to his parents or guardians, to the proper school authorities, or to the police authorities, through force, violence, threat or intimidation. † This section would be a leeway and at the same time the instrument as a provision for those crusades who oppose hazing on fraternities. This term paper will be stimuli for the school administration to reevaluate rules and regulations about policies regarding. This study was done for the purpose of showing the importance of human life and in ensuring the security of the students. Thus, to avoid hazing without taking the right of a person to associate. The researchers recommend that similar studies related to this should be conducted. Having other studies regarding this subject may strengthen the main topic and to be able to find a possible solution in proposing a contract between the said group and the administration and also in preventing cruel initiations Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing through Campaigns References Ed Amoroso. (Aug. 04, 2012). Police secure 2 hazing victims. In Philippine Star. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2012, from http://www. philstar. com/Article. aspx? articleId=834457publicationSubCategoryId=63. Christina Mendez. (Aug. 02, 2012). Senate to probe latest hazing death. In Philippine Star. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2012, from http://www. philstar. com/nation/article. aspx? publicationsubcategoryid=200articleid=833946. Jeannette Andrade. (Sept. 09,2010). Fraternity war behind bar exams blast police. In Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved Aug. 25, 2012, from http://newsinfo. inquirer. et/breakingnews/metro/view/20100927-294632/Fraternity-war-behind-bar-exams-blast-police. Maricar Cinco. (April 04, 2010). Mapua student allegedly dies in hazing; 6 suspects nabbed. In Pinoy Exchange. Retrieved Sept. 25, 2012, from http://www. pinoyexchange. com/forums/showthread. php? t=439699 Jasmine Pinugu. ( September 2012). Two Faced Orgs. The New Builder. Volume46(3), 12-13 http://www. merriam-webster. co m/dictionary/fraternity http://www. catalogs. com/info/people/benefits-of-joining-a-sorority-or-fraternity. html http://suite101. com/article/greek-lifedisadvantages-a7899 http://www. umich. edu/~nohazing/whatis. html

How to write a salary increase request letter (with examples)

How to write a salary increase request letter (with examples) You’ve been plugging along at your job, picking up responsibilities, and rocking it for a while now- and even if you don’t have an annual review coming up for a while, maybe you feel like it’s time to start thinking about a raise. But unless you’re a seasoned negotiator, that may be no small task. If you don’t feel ready to sit down with your boss and talk it out, it’s best to start with a basic pay raise request letter or email to get the process started. Why to put your salary request in writingMost negotiation tips are created with a face-to-face interaction in mind- how to use effective body language, how to use active listening strategies, and how to frame your verbal request. However if you’re not quite at that stage yet, putting your request in writing gives you a chance to collect your strongest talking points (and spin them exactly how you want to) without having to worry about the ebb and flow of a negotiation conversation. I t’s also a paper trail, for better or worse, which can help you later.What to include in your letterAlways start with a friendly professional greeting and some background about your history in your job or with your company.For example:Hi Phil,As you know, I’ve been with the company for two years now, and I find it to be a challenging and rewarding environment every day. I have become a crucial member of the marketing team, working on initiatives that have increased our productivity and improved our results.Once you’ve set the tone, it’s time to touch on the specific achievements that you think merit a raise. You don’t need to go into great detail on each one- succinct, specific bullet points are the way to go. The letter shouldn’t be a long slog for the reader. Instead, think of it as a highlight reel.For example:In my time here, I have made significant contributions to the team’s success, including:Implementing a new SEO program that increased web traffic by 15%Improving social media response time by an average of 20 minutesDeveloping a promotional program that uses giveaways to increase brand awareness and customer engagementThen tell ‘em what you came for: what you’re seeking, and why. When you’re writing this, be sure to stay focused on your own achievements and growth. It’s not about what your colleagues get or what you feel like you’re owed- it’s about building a case for your value to the company.For example:I’ve exceeded the goals that were set out for me when I was hired, and I believe that going above and beyond my existing role merits a pay raise of 5%. This is in line with the industry standard for someone of my experience in this kind of role, especially with the goals I’ve met and exceeded in my time here.Again, this should be straight to the point. You should definitely have a number in mind, even if you don’t feel comfortable spelling it out as a starting point. Before you even start writing your request, do your research: check out sites like Salary.com or Glassdoor to see what people like you are making throughout the industry. If you make an unreasonable request, it could shut down your negotiation before it even really starts.Next, having made your initial pitch, it’s time to start wrapping up your letter. Offer to set up some time to talk about this in person or ask to talk about it in a standard one-on-one meeting with your boss.For example:I look forward to speaking with you in more depth in our next monthly meeting, and am excited about the projects we have on the horizon.Best,Jo Your letter doesn’t have to be hyper-formal, especially if you have a fairly casual relationship with your boss. But it should always be direct, polite, and professional. Even if you’re buddies with your boss, now is not the time for jokes or sarcasm. This letter or email should show you at your career best, and highlight you as a competent and productive professional.The note you write now will help set the tone for the negotiations to come and help you pull your thoughts together to ensure that you’re in a good position to get the raise you deserve.Good luck!

Take These 6 Steps to Become a Travel Nurse -The JobNetwork

Take These 6 Steps to Become a Travel Nurse -The JobNetwork If you love the idea of supplying patients with quality medical assistance but aren’t crazy about working in the same environment every day, then you may want to consider becoming a travel nurse. Travel nurses work at temporary jobs in locations all over the country, usually for periods of a dozen weeks or so. Since being a travel nurse comes with its own particular set of challenges, you may need some extra direction when pursuing this particular career. Here are some tips that should help you achieve your goal of becoming a travel nurse.1. Become a registered nurse.To become a travel nurse, you must first become a nurse. That means you have to graduate high school or get your GED, complete an accredited nursing program at the college level, and pass the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). Some hospitals might also require a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), and if its relevant to your area of specialization, Basic Life Support (BLS) or Advanced Cardiac Life S upport (ACLS) certification. Before becoming a travel nurse, you also need a minimum of one year of specialized nursing experience. For travel nurses, those specializations include ER, PEDS, TELE, and Home Health. If ICU or OB is your area of specialization, you may need more than one year of experience.2. Consider your goals.In what kind of environment do you want to work? To where do you want to travel? You should consider such goals to pin down your ideal position since all travel-nursing agencies are different. You must also think the salary and benefits you expect to earn. Since moving around is involved in your work, such benefits as housing, travel stipends, and rental cars might be considerations along with more standard benefits such as medical and 401k packages. Make a list of your ideals so you know what to look for when viewing job listings and deciding where to apply.4. Compare agencies to find the one for you.Travel nurses get jobs through agencies, and all agencies ar e different. If you have specific goals, you will want to find an agency most in line with your particular ones. Consider these agency’s online ratings as well. A great online tool is BluePipes, which is like LinkedIn for healthcare professionals. If you know trustworthy travel nurses, perhaps they can refer you to a quality agency.5. Prepare your paperwork.There’s quite a bit of paperwork involved in securing a travel nurse position. An application, skills checklist, and clinical references will be included in your submission profile. Your nursing agency will provide you with these documents and expect you to complete them. However, if you use BluePipes to prepare your submission profile, you may not have to fill out a new one every time you visit a new agency. Also be sure to have all required licenses and certifications, as well as recently obtained medical records, in order.6. Establish a tax home.In order to qualify as a travel nurse with tax-free stipends, you wi ll have to establish and maintain a â€Å"tax home.† In order to qualify, you must work far enough away to have to stay overnight in a place other than your residence when working. You must fill out a form to qualify for tax-free stipends. The good news is that even if you fail to qualify for tax-free stipends, you can still work as a travel nurse.

Short research paper Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Short paper - Research Proposal Example Interestingly enough, there is a similar program in the United States to provide low-cost laptops (approximately $500) for teachers in cash-strapped school districts, and as this illustrates the impetus to provide computers to people is growing as the need for computer literacy becomes crucial for the economic viability of a nation, the US being no exception. (Markoff) In this paper we will briefly examine the differences in computer utilization in Brazil and the United States, and will focus on three main areas of utilization, general, governmental, and academic usage. Brazil is a nation of 190 million people and approximately 43 million internet users (CIA World Fact Book). Assuming that the overwhelming majority of computer users access the internet at some point, this places the percentage of personal computer utilization at 22.6%. In comparison the personal computer utilization in the United States is over 66% with more than 200 million internet users. This discrepancy is due to a number of issues, a lack of economic development and infrastructure. Brazil has made significant strides in increasing internet usage, in 1992 less than one-half of one percent of Brazilians had internet access (Leao 35). According to an e-Government for Development Conference held in 2006, Brazil ranks 18th in governmental internet and computer utilization, whereas the US ranks 1st in that same benchmark (Leao 6). Though 11.7% of households have a computer, the technology gap between rural communities and urban centers in Brazil is immense with nearly 95% of those h ouseholds located in major metropolitan areas like, Sao Paolo, Rio de Janeiro, and Brasilia. This particular digital divide is the sort of problem that the OLPC is trying to resolve through its introduction of low-cost laptops. Brazil is generating its own initiatives to resolve this issue through GESAC, a government

To what extent is development a political process versus a technical Essay

To what extent is development a political process versus a technical or economic one - Essay Example The evaluation of the developmental process and the aspect of economic contribution in the social change shall be studied within the context of the role of the United Nations in measuring human development. Defining Development: Before understanding the nature of the human developmental aspects such as economics and politics, it is significant to note the actual definition of development. The definition of human development introduces the debate with the help of different terms. As per the definition of development published by the United Nations, report states that development is a process to enable an environment for nation where they can live long, healthy and creative lives (Frey and Monroe, 1983). The definition allows better understanding of the fact that people can live happily if they are provided with the basic necessity. It should be noted that a human cannot live without making enough earning that will allow him to gain better lifestyle for himself and family. So this note s that the social change within a society can be brought to allow equal opportunity among members of society (Szirmai, 2005). Development among different societies is undertaken in order to provide better income rates to the members so that they are able to select the best for their lives (Rowe, 2009). The political and economic development that has gained a great deal of focus of researchers is now debated because of the political aspects (Willis, 2005). In other words, it could be said that development is a process which needs governmental authorities and economists to work together to bring better changes. The main purpose of the economic activities and cross-borders business ventures is to allow countries to develop and maximize profits (Lewis and Kallab, 1986). This profit making natures of business world allows developing countries to fight against inequality and increasing measures of poverty. As evident from the definition of development, inequality can be reduced if in case poverty’s overall measure within a society is reduced by large (Desai and Potter, 2008). The above noted relationship map of the economical and political development can also be understood in the context of poverty. The measure that most of the politicians set up would be the increased economical opportunities for the poor people. The effective strategic planning is done by politicians to ensure that the measure of inequality is reduced by large. This can be indirectly related to the economical efficiency of the society (Sen, 1999). The central idea of the development is that different institutions of a society provide quickened form of human development. It should be noted that politics and economics are two very important institutions of a society (Desai and Potter, 2008). The functions performed by different institutions of the society are able to make better changes when they are indirectly connected to each other. The need of the hour is to determine the extent to which the development process underlines the elements of political institutions or economical politician. In other words, it can be said that politicians and economists need to understand as to what aspects can surely bring a better and quick paced human development (Escobar, 1995). The political policy framework can allow business authorities to undergo deals and ventures providing majority of people to get better jobs and become stable in their daily

Computer Animator :: essays research papers

Computer Animators   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animation as an art form has been around for almost one hundred years. From the earliest days of hand drawn cels, individual pictures strung together, to the complex rendering of 3-D virtual worlds, animation packs peoples' lives. Do you wonder how the computer-animated movies are made or want to become a computer animator? Computer Animation is a fast growing field. There are many different areas to of animation, computer animation is what this paper is about, history of animation and how it came to be and how to get there and what computer animators do for their job is what is in this paper. Animation was first developed in 1906 by Stuart Blackton, a young English-born adventurer. His first short film, â€Å"Humorous Phases of Funny Faces†, was a sensation with audiences. Blackton’s illusion was created by a very simple method, comical faces were drawn on a blackboard, then erased. The camera was stopped after each face was photographed. The 'stop-motion' provided a startling effect as the facial expressions changed before the audience's eyes. A major breakthrough for animation came in 1915, when J. R. Bray was granted patents for his use of glassine paper. Bray created a two-dimensional look with his animation by drawing on a clear plastic sheet and then placing it over a pre-drawn background. Max Fleischer's rotoscope consisted of a drawing board, fitted with a piece of frosted glass, and a motion picture projector mounted underneath which magnified a single frame of motion picture film onto the glass. When the figure on one frame had been traced onto translucent paper, a crank advanced the film to the next frame. People who choose a career path as a professional animator work in a challenging, fast-paced, and rewarding field. The resurgence in popularity of animation has re-opened countless opportunities for highly creative individuals, with computer skills. The latest need for computer animators is created by the expansion of the World Wide Web. Businesses of all types are hiring web developers to design web pages to promote their products and services to prospective customers who are accessing the Internet. Web developers and animators, use animated gifs, an image that appears to be alive, to display their talents in the hope of crossing the bridge to a full time position in animation. The better the gif the brighter the future! This is a highly competitive career choice and individuals most often find themselves starting out at the bottom.

Mexico †Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages Essay

The Mexico- Soft drinks case was an important case based on the sweetener’s trade market in North America. This case note will try to summarize the facts of the case in order to analyze the issues raised by it. Following, we try to expose the reasons why Mexico decided to implement tax measures as a response to the United State’s refusal to submit their dispute to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) dispute settlement panel. And last, give a brief opinion on the issues and the way they were upheld along the case. Since January 2002, Mexico imposed a twenty percent tax on the sale and distribution of soft drinks and other beverages that used any sweetener other than cane sugar, including, and specially, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The United States is the primary supplier of almost all the HFCS used to sweeten beverages in Mexico, and on the other hand all the beverages sweetened with cane sugar use domestic product. In March 2004 the United States requested consultations with Mexico regarding Articles 1 and 4 of the DSU and Article XXII of the GATT 1994, with respect to these tax measures imposed by Mexico. And on 10 June 2004, the United States requested the WTO to establish a panel pursuant to Article 6 of the DSU. The United States claimed that Mexico had violated the provisions stated in GATT 1994 Article III. The Dispute Settlement Body established the Panel on 6 July stating the following, as purpose of the establishment of the panel : â€Å"To examine, in the light of the relevant provisions of the covered agreements cited by the United States in document WT/DS308/4, the matter referred to the DSB by the United States in that document, and to make such findings as will assist the DSB in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in those agreements. † Canada, China, the European Communities, Guatemala and Japan participated in the panel as third parties. Relevant Facts regarding the case: The tax measures imposed by the Mexican government were: a) twenty percent tax on the transfer or importation of soft drinks and other beverages that use any sweetener other than cane sugar, b) twenty percent tax on services such as: agency, representation, brokerage, distribution, etc. when transferring or importing beverages sweetened with any kind of sweetener except for cane sugar, c) and some other requirements imposed to taxpayers regarding the above mentioned taxes. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) comprised one hundred percent imports of sweeteners from the US to Mexico and cane sugar is a domestically produced product that comprises ninety five percent of Mexican sweetener production. Considering the fact that the â€Å"soft drink tax† did not apply to beverages sweetened with cane sugar, it is pretty clear that Mexican sugar production industry was being favored by the imposition of these measures. Articles I and III of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT) talk about the non-discrimination on like products. More specifically Article III establishes the national-treatment rule, which seeks the equal treatment to domestic and products imported from other states, establishing criteria such as: â€Å"No domestic laws should be applied to imported products to protect domestic producers from the competing â€Å"like† products. And imported products should receive treatment under national laws that â€Å"is no less favorable† than the treatment given to like domestic products†. United State’s claims: The issues concerning provisions established on Article III of the GATT 1994 that were claimed by the United States were the following: (i) imposing an excessive tax on an imported product compared to taxes applied to a â€Å"like† domestic product, (ii) imposing a tax to an imported product that is directly competitive or substitutable with a domestic one that is â€Å"not similarly taxed†, (iii) imposing a law that affects the internal use of imported HFCS, treating an imported product in a â€Å"less favorable way† compared to products of national origin. So the United States requested the Panel to consider the violations on the imposition of these challenged tax measures. The above-mentioned issues concerning the imposition of soft drink taxes, distribution taxes and bookkeeping requirements were adopted by Mexican legislations by virtue of a decree that reformed the Mexican Special Tax Law applicable to Production and Services as well its Regulations and also the Miscellaneous Fiscal Resolutions of years 2003 and 2004, in order to incorporate the taxes subject to this dispute concerning soft drinks and beverages that use any sweetener other than cane sugar and its distribution and special requirements. So these legislative bodies are also the issues and subject matter to the dispute. Mexico’s requests to the Panel: On the other hand, Mexico requested the Panel to decline the exercise of its jurisdiction and suggested to submit their dispute to an Arbitral Panel in accordance to NAFTA, based on the Shrimp Turtle decision where the WTO recommended that the parties should resolve their difference according to the Inter-American Convention, so both states could resolve their concern with respect to the sugar trade between them. That way, Mexico could claim market access to the United States and the compliance of previous Treaties between them and the United States could also submit its claims regarding tax measures adopted by Mexico. The Panel decided to proceed and exercise its jurisdiction, so Mexico requested for them take into account its particular condition and that as a developing country some â€Å"special treatment† exceptions could apply to their situation. So the Mexican measures could be justified under this understanding and also under Article XX of the GATT. Mexico also requested the Panel to consider the NAFTA framework while resolving and formulations their recommendations. â€Å"Mexico explained that its tax on sweeteners was a necessary measure to secure U. S. compliance with NAFTA in granting access for Mexican sugar to the U. S. market†. Statements considered by the Panel: HFCS-sweetened and cane sugar-sweetened soft drinks are â€Å"like† products in accordance to what is established on GATT Article III:2, first sentence for having virtually identical physical properties, end-uses and tariff classifications and are equally preferred by consumers based on surveys applied by the US. Therefore; The HFCS soft drink tax and distribution tax are inconsistent with GATT Article III:2, first sentence. The imported product (HFCS) and the domestic product (cane sugar) are â€Å"directly competitive or suitable products† that with the tax measures imposed by the Mexican government were not being similarly taxed in order to protect Mexican’s domestic production, consequently; there was no doubt that Mexico was infringing its obligations under GATT Article III,2 second sentence. Based on these statements the WTO Panel rejected Mexico’s petitions and favored the United State’s position. The Panel stated that Mexico was not empowered to take measures in order to â€Å"secure compliance† to induce another Member to comply with obligations owed to it under a non-WTO treaty. , it also resolved that that International Treaties such as NAFTA were not covered in the exceptions established in GATT Article XX (d), and also that the â€Å"laws or regulations† covered in exception of Article XX(d) of the GATT 1994 do not include NAFTA (which is an International Treaty) as part of them, and last, that the measures adopted by Mexico â€Å"were not necessary to secure compliance† to previous agreements to the United States. In December 2005 Mexico appealed the Panel’s decision based on exceptions provided on GATT Article XX(d) and arguing that the Panel failed to make â€Å"an objective assessment of the facts†, as required by Article 11 of the DSU but still, the Appellate Body upheld the Panel’s conclusions and rejected Mexico’s claims. Considering the stated facts, there is no doubt regarding the violation of the GATT Article III by the Mexican government on the establishment the soft dink tax along with distribution tax and other requirements imposed to taxpayer on this matter, but I firmly believe it is important to consider the reasons why the Mexican government was lead to implement these radical measures considering the United State’s non-compliance with obligations established in the NAFTA. One of the main reasons why Mexico implemented the soft drinks tax measures was the United States’ incompliance with market access agreements on sugar trade established on NAFTA, while US export of HFCS to Mexico were substantially increasing. The United States continuously refused to submit to NAFTA dispute settlement while still enjoying the benefits of the agreement regarding sugar trade. Before Mexico decided to take tax measures, it tried to resolve the dispute regarding the scope and meaning of provisions in the NAFTA governing sweeteners, but no dispute settlement forum seemed to be able to hear about the case, they needed the cooperation of the US for the integration of the panel and the United Stated did not cooperate. Importance of the Mexican Sugar Industry The sugar industry it’s a growing sector of the Mexican economy. According to NAFTA agreements, Mexico had an expectation for it to would be competent to export very high quantities of sugar to the United State’s market, but the US never acknowledged what they had agreed by virtue of two letters negotiated between the two states after NAFTA, so there was a confusion on the volume of sugar that could be exported from Mexico to the US. In the mean time, US exports of HFCS to Mexico were increasing and that was reflected on a reduction on the domestic sugar market. So with this background it is now easier to understand the reason why the Mexican Congress decided to impose â€Å"soft drink taxes† in order to balance the situation and try to bring the falling Mexican sugar industry to an equilibrated position in the market so that the sugar that could have been exported to the United States, could now be sold in the domestic market. But it is understandable that even if the United States did not comply with its NAFTA obligations, there is no justification a WTO member to violate its WTO obligations in order to punish another member for not complying with its obligations under an international agreement like the NAFTA in this case. Analysis of relevant issues regarding Mexico’s initial petitions More than criticizing I would like to analyze two of the petitions made by Mexico to the WTO Panel along with the Panel’s and Appellate Body’s responses to those petitions, more specifically determine if a Panel is entitled to decline to exercise its jurisdiction in an issue presented before it. As well as Mexico’s petition to the Panel to consider the NAFTA framework on its resolutions, this leads me to questioning if the Panel can actually exercise its jurisdiction based on other international agreements, and if so, to what extent? The Panel immediately refused Mexico’s petition to decline to exercise its jurisdiction on this case. It seems very obvious that if both parties were subject to an International Treaty such as NAFTA, which regulated the sugar trade between them and they were having conflicts regarding this sector, those issues should have been heard by a NAFTA Panel. But the answer to this issue relies on the Appellate Body’s argument that according to the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) a panel with jurisdiction could not decline to exercise it at all without some legal impediment because it would be contradictory to articles 3. 2, 7. 1, 7. 2, 11, 19. 2 y 23. So according to the Appellate Body’s Report Paragraph 52: A Member is entitled to initiate a WTO dispute whenever it considers that â€Å"any benefits accruing to [that Member] are being impaired by measures taken by another Member† implies that that Member is entitled to a ruling by a WTO panel. The Appellate Body also stated that the issues claimed by Mexico regarding the agreement on NAFTA were NAFTA-based issues related to market Access, that did not necessarily under lapped with the issues claimed by the US that violated Article III of the GATT 1994 with respect of the imposition of soft drink taxes as well as distribution taxes, which in my opinion makes sense but it is clearly an disadvantaged position for Mexico since it would have needed cooperation from the United States in order to constitute a panel that could hear and resolve those NAFTA- based issues. In these I agree, so I think we cannot blame this matter on the Panel or Appellate Body of the WTO, since they just complied with their work and obligation to bring protection to the Members when they considered to be entitled to a ruling from the WTO for being effected by measures taken by other members that are subject to the WTO jurisdiction. So the main problem here is not the decision of the WTO to continue hearing the case, as they were just performing their work, but the way the United States managed the situation, only claiming the actions that directly affected their market and economy without obeying their obligations under an International Treaty or at least making an effort to clarify on the misunderstandings related to them, so Mexico could also be beneficiated from the importation of sugar to the united States. The second matter in question is whether the Panel can consider International Agreements on its resolutions and of so, to what extent? Article 3. 2 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) states that the WTO dispute settlement system â€Å"serves to preserve the rights and obligations of Members under the covered agreements, and to clarify the existing provisions of those agreements†. There could be circumstances in which the Panel or Appellate Body would have to determine for its own purposes as to whether the United States acted consistently with NAFTA, not to determine its rights under NAFTA or to punish them for non-compliance but to take it in account in their determinations and as a preliminary step in WTO ruling. WTO Panels and Appellate Body cannot definitively determine rights and obligations under non-WTO agreements; they can refer to and analyze such agreements as long as it serves to determine rights and obligations under the WTO agreements. This is a very clear statement that clarifies the situation as it should be seen in every case the WTO can always take into consideration obligations that arise from other international agreements between countries subject to a dispute, as long as they relate to the dispute and to rights and obligations related to the WTO. I believe the most important issue raised on the present case relied on the contradiction between an International Treaty and the WTO regulations whereas from the International Law perspective the Tax measures imposed by Mexico seemed fair since the United States was not complying with obligations established under post- NAFTA negotiations so the US was challenging an international obligation derived from an International Treaty (NAFTA). Nevertheless, these fiscal measures are violations from the WTO perspective. What Mexico was seeking with the imposition of these tax measures was to enforce an equitable defense in a way of â€Å"clean hands doctrine† in the understanding that the United States was acting unethically by avoiding the conformation of a NAFTA panel, while being the principal importer of sweeteners in Mexico. It just seemed really unfair for Mexican sugar market to be affected by the exportation of United State’s high fructose corn syrup and other sweeteners, when Mexico was not being able to enjoy the benefits from their previous agreement under the NAFTA. But the measures adopted by Mexico were perhaps not the best, since a state is not empowered to attempt against its WTO obligations in order to try to force another state to comply with its obligations under a non-WTO international agreement. And as stated above, despite the controversies arisen in this case, I do not think there is a problematic within the WTO and its jurisdiction or the way they resolved the case, I would say that if the United States would have observed its obligations under the NAFTA or at least tried to cooperate in order to resolve their differences and came to an agreement on the sugar trade, Mexico would have never had to take this radical and GATT-violating measures, still, it is not justifiable for it to have done so. As to the recommendations that raised from this case, on May 2006 the Executive Branch of the Mexican Federal government sent to the Permanent Commission of the Union Congress which is the maximum authority regarding legislations, a reform project in order to overturn the legal dispositions on the Mexican Special Tax Law applicable to Production and Services regarding soft drinks taxes so as to comply with the recommended on the Appellate Body’s resolutions. UNITED STATES, Mexico- Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages , Request for Consultations by the United States, WT/DS308/1, March 18, 2004. [ 2 ]. UNITED STATES, Mexico- Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages , Request for the Establishment of a Panel, WT/DS308/1, June 11, 2004. [ 3 ]. UNITED STATES, Mexico- Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages , Constitution of the Panel Established at the Request of the United States, WT/DS308/5/Rev. 1. August, 25 2004. [ 4 ]. http://www.iisd. org/trade/handbook/3_4_1. htm, International Institute for Sustainable Development. Environment and Trade: A handbook. The basics of the WTO. The key agreements, with a special consideration of those related to the environment. 3. 4. 1. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994 [ 5 ]. http://www. usitc. gov/publications/332/journals/corn_sweeteners. pdf, Kornis, Magda, United States international Trade Commision, Journal of international Commerca and Economics, Web version December 2006. [ 6 ]. UNITED STATES, Mexico- Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages , Report of the Panel, WT/DS308/R, Paragraph 8. 134. [ 7 ]. Report of the Panel, Paragraph 8. 78. [ 8 ]. Panel Report, Paragraphs 8. 170 to 8. 181. [ 9 ]. Mexico- Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages, Notification of an Appeal by Mexico, WT/DS308/10, December 6th 2005. [ 10 ]. Appellate body Report, Paragraph 82. [ 11 ]. Appellate Body Report, Paragraph 47. [ 12 ]. Appellate Body Report, Paragraph 56. [ 13 ]. J.Davey William and Sapir Andre, World Trade Review / Volume 8 / Special Issue 01 / January 2009, pp 5 -23 DOI: 10. 1017/S1474745608004151, Published online: 06 March 2009, page 18. [ 14 ]. UNITED STATES, Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp-Containing Products, WT/DS58/AB/R, adopted 6 November 1998, PARAGRAPH 168. [ 15 ]. http://cdei. itam. mx/ComentarioMexicoRefrescosOA. pdf, Crzo, Ernesto, Corzo Victor, Comentario sobre Mexico – Impuestos sobre refrescos, Informe del Organo de Apelacion, 24 de marzo de 2006, web publication.